Filipino Martyr: JOSE CLEMENTE ZULUETA

 JOSE CLEMENTE ZULUETA
(1876-1904)
Historian of the Revolution
On November 23, 1876, Jose Clemente Zulueta, a distinguished Filipino bibliographer, was
born in Paco, Manila. He grew up in the care of kindhearted couple, Agustin de la Rosa and Juliana
Estrada, because he was orphaned at a very young age. His parents were not known because his
mother died five days after his birth ad his father, when he was still a child. He was adopted by a.
Zulueta studied in the old College of San Antonio de Padua and in Ateneo Municipal,
where he obtained his Bachiller en Artes, and proceeded to study law at the University of Santo
Tomas. In the university, he achieved literary celebrity as a weaver of exquisite Spanish verses. His
poem “Afectos a la Virgen,” which Don Epifanio de los Santos highly commended for its poetical
race, was awarded third prize in 1895 with a “lirio de plata” (silver lily) by the Academia
Bibliografico Mariana, of Lerida, Spain. It was published in Revista Catolica de Filipina, VII, no. 5,
March 1, 1896.
Intellectually motivated, he organized a study group among his friends with whom he
expounded on philosophy, arithmetic and algebra, ethics, rhetoric and poetry. He frequented the
entresuelo meetings of young students like Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Rafael Palma,
Jose Abreau among others to explorer literature and social issues.
In 1896, Zulueta’s studies was interrupted by the revolution that broke out and to which he
responded with a unique mission, to record all the military activities. He presented his purpose to
Governor-General Camilio de Polavieja, who gave him a permit to cross Spanish battle lines. His
friendship with Filipino revolutionary leaders allowed him also to cross the Filipino lines. He was
beside the deathbed of his friend, General Flaviano Yengko, who succumbed to gunshot wound on
March 3, 1897.
He worked with Pedro A. Paterno in negotiating the peace treaty between the Spanish
government and the Filipinos, which was eventually signed in December 1897, thereby,
temporarily ending the war. Zulueta eventually left his impartiality when the revolution continued
in May 1898 by joining the troops of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. He witnessed the declaration of
Philippine Independence on June 12 that same year, and continued to records succeeding events of
the war.
With Epifanio de los Santos, he established the newspaper La Libertad, on June 20, 1898,
dedicating its initial issue to Colonel Pacheco, the secretary of war of the Departmental
Government in Central Luzon. As the newspaper was short lived, he joined another newspaper, La
Independencia, founded by General Antonio Luna on September 3, 1898. In his writings, he used
M. Kaun as penname. He was elected member of the constitutional convention that drafted the
Constitution of the First Philippine Republic.
In 1899, he returned to Manila and resumed his studies and took the bar examinations in
1902. Others who took the bar exams that same year were Manuel Quezon, Sergio Osmeña, and
Juan Sumulong. His love for writing never left him so that he collaborated with Don Modesto
Reyes in putting up the newspaper, La Union, which the General Elwell S. Otis, later banned
because of its anti-American contents. His passion in writing history was greatly rewarded when
the Philippine Commission tasked him to collect the art and literary materials for exhibition in the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Further, he was chosen to do historical research abroad under Act
668 of the Philippine Commission.
Act 688 passed by the Philippine Commission on March 17, 1903 authorized the
appointment of a collecting librarian for the insular government. As provided by Law, his duty as
collecting librarian was stated as follows:
Whose duty it shall be, under the supervision and direction of the civil governor,
to visit the countries of Europe, Mexico, and elsewhere for the purpose of
purchasing books and manuscripts relating to the history of the Philippine Islands,
making historical researches into said history, procuring copies of official documents
relating thereto, with the view to the foundation in Manila of a public historical library upon
the subject of the Philippine Islands.
He left on April 29, 1903 for Marseilles, went to Barcelona and Madrid where he presented
his credentials to the American minister in the capital. He worked in the Biblioteca Nacional and in
the Museo Biblioteca de Ultramar, which had its origin from the materials exhibited during the
Exposicion General de Filipinas. He discovered a rich collection of papers and documents among
which gave importance to Governor Valdes y Tamon’s work on Plazas, Fuerzas, Castillos y
Presidios in the Philippines in 1839. He found in the Biblioteca de la Real Academia de la Historia
the unpublished work of Father Francisco Ignacio Alcina’s Relacion. At the King’s College, he saw
the Vocabulario Tagalo, dated 1585, in manuscript compiled by Fr. Domingo de los Santos,
printed in Tayabas town in 1703.
Zulueta came back to Manila on July 30, 1904. As required by law, he wrote a report
entitled Fuentes Historicos de Filipinas in June 1904. He was one of the early Filipino historians
who advocated the interpretation of the Philippines from the Filipino point of view.
All these important historical documents he obtained from foreign archives became known
as “Zulueta papers” and were deposited in the National Library after the Philippine Government
purchased them for P17,000, a large sum during that time, from his widow Doña Paz Natividad, a
younger sister of General Mamerto Natividad, and kept it at the National Library. This priceless
collection vanished in smoke during the liberation of Manila in February 1945.
Zulueta’s research works and academic involvement took him away from practicing his law
profession. He joined the faculty of Liceo de Manila and taught subjects on Philippine and World
History. He served as librarian at the Centro Artistico and Club Internacional, which sent members
on fellowship grants to the United States. The first to receive such grant was the city engineer,
Santiago Artiaga.
Zulueta did not live long to realize his dream to write what he considered genuine history
of the Philippines. Looking at his advocacy, this genuine Philippine history would be a history
taken from the Filipino point of view and one that bears the “characteristics of the indigenous
elements in the history of the Philippines.”
He died in Manila on September 10, 1904, at the young age of 28. \
References:
Eminent Filipinos. Manila: National Historical Commission, 1970.
Manuel, E. Arsenio. Dictionary of Philippine Biography Volume 2. Quezon City:
Filipiniana publications, 1970.
Quirino, Carlos. Who’s Who in Philippine History. Manila: Tahanan Books, 1995.
Zaide, Gregorio F. Great Filipinos in History. Manila: Verde Bookstore, 1970.

Filipino Martyr: FLAVIANO A. YENGKO

 FLAVIANO A. YENGKO
(1847-1897)
Revolutionary General
One of the unsung heroes of the Philippine Revolution was Flaviano Yengko, a law student
of the University of Santo Tomas who, at a young age joined the revolution and rose to the rank of
a revolutionary general. He was the hero of the battle in Salitran, Cavite.
Flaviano Yengko, the third of the seven children of Basilio Yengko and Maria Abad, was
born in Tondo, Manila on December 22, 1874. Soldiery was not new to Yengko when he joined the
revolution, as his father was formerly first sergeant of the Spanish Carabineros or carabineers.
After finishing his secondary studies at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, he took up
teaching certificate for primary schools at the Normal School, which he completed in 1894. He
obtained his Bachelor of Arts at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran before he proceeded to study
law in the University of Santo Tomas.
Yengko became popular in the university not because he was the brightest but because of
his generosity and versatility. His gold-rimmed spectacles had been pawned several times to raise
funds to help a friend in need. As for giftedness, he was an eloquent orator and debater, an awardwinning
painter, good singer and skilled pianist. One of his paintings, “A Landscape”, was awarded
a prize in the Regional Exposition of the Philippines held in Manila in 1895. Aside from these,
Yengko was always meticulously and neatly dressed, a characteristic which he carried during his
revolutionary days. He wore neatly pressed uniform and well-polished shoes after every combat.
Like any man his age, a woman in Cavite caught Yengko’s attention. He won the woman’s
heart but not the approval of the woman’s father who had the impression that Yengko was not
manly enough because of his dandy appearance.
In August 1896, the revolution against Spain broke out. Yengko courageously accepted the
challenge to fight for his country by leaving the law school and joining the Katipuneros. He left a
note to his mother saying, “Mother, I am leaving without your consent and knowledge because I
will be fighting for our fatherland.”
On November 8, 1896, he reached Imus and presented himself to General Emilio
Aguinaldo, who assigned him to transport gunpowder from Manila to Cavite. But Yengko
immediately tasted real battle the next day, November 9, at the Battle of Binakayan, during which
he manifested such courage. Consequently, General Aguinaldo took him in the general staff with
the rank of captain, and from there rose to the rank of a colonel to brigadier general.
By February 1897, Spanish General Cornelio de Polavieja launched an intensive offensive
in Cavite, which became the center of the Revolution. Heavy battles followed one after the other
with the Spanish forces in the winning side. They took Zapote Bridge on February 17 and Silang on
February 19. On February 22, the Filipino troops joined forces to recover the town but were greatly
repulsed by the advancing enemy. On February 28, Perez Dasmariñas was taken. It was during this
battle that Yengko was promoted brigadier-general. As the Spanish troops advanced to Salitran,
Yengko’s troops with the forces of General Juan Cailles and Crispulo Aguinaldo hoped to defend
the town by facing the enemy in Sabang, a barrio on the way to the town proper.
The Spanish army assaulted Salitran in the early morning of March 1. Outnumbered and
weakened, the Filipino troops retreated under heavy fire of the Spanish forces under Colonel Pedro
Zabala. Yengko was shot in the abdomen and was treated to the military hospital in Imus
surrounded by his comrades and the woman she love. He, however, succumbed to his wound on
March 3, 1897.
References:
Eminent Filipinos. Manila: National Historical Commission, 1970.
Manuel, E. Arsenio. Dictionary of Philippine Biography Volume 1. Quezon City: Filipiniana
Publications, 1955.
Quirino, Carlos. Who’s who in Philippine History. Manila: Tahanan Books, 1995.
Zaide, Gregorio F. Great Filipinos in History. Manila: Verde Bookstore, 1970.

Filipino Martyr: CLETO L. YANCE

 CLETO L. YANCE
Cavite Mutiny Indictee
A marked man by the Spanish authorities for his avid espousal of reformist ideas, Cleto
Yance y de Lara openly expressed his views on the rights of Filipino priests to have equal
opportunities with the Spanish friars in administering parishes and being appointed to high
ecclesiastical offices in the country.
When the Cavite Mutiny broke out on January 20, 1872, he was one of the first five
Filipinos arrested. He was charged with complicity in the uprising and sentenced to serve 10 years
imprisonment. He was originally ordered to serve his sentence in one of the Spanish prisons in
Africa, but this was revoked. Instead, he was sent to Cartagena, Spain, together with Crisanto de
los Reyes, Maximo Inocencio, Enrique Paraiso, and Rafael Calda. Five months after the aborted
Cavite Mutiny, the group arrived in Cadiz, Spain aboard the Spanish frigate Chica.
Without any valid and conclusive evidence, he was convicted of the crime of conspiracy
against the political constitution of Spain.
Reference:
Boncan, Celestina P. Remembering the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 Manila: Geronimo Berenguer de
Los Reyes, Jr. Foundation, Inc., 1995.

Filipino Martyr: MAXIMO S. VIOLA

 MAXIMO S. VIOLA
(1857-1933)
Patriot and Financier of Noli Me Tangere
Known as the man who saved for posterity the Noli Me Tangere, the first of Rizal’s two
great novels, Dr. Maximo Viola was born on October 17, 1857 in Barrio Sta. Rita, San Miguel,
Bulacan. He was the only child of Isabel Sison of Malabon, Rizal and Pedro Viola from San Rafael,
Bulacan.
Viola finished his early education in San Miguel. He took his pre-medical studies at the
University of Santo Tomas, where he witnessed the prejudice of Spaniards against the Filipino
students. In 1882, he sailed to Spain and enrolled Medicine at the University of Barcelona, where
he met other Filipino students particularly Jose Rizal, with whom he developed close friendship.
Soon, he became an active member of the Propaganda Movement.
In 1886, Viola finished his course in Medicine. In March 1887, Viola played an important
role in the life of Jose Rizal, he financed the publication of Noli Me Tangere, which original
manuscript had already planned by his friend to destroy because of financial inability to pay its
publication. Thus, the first 2,000 copies of the novel were printed. In deep gratitude, Rizal gave
him the last galley proofs and the first published copy, on which he wrote, “To my friend, Maximo
Viola, the first to read and appreciate my work-Jose Rizal, March 29, 1887, Berlin.”
In May 1887, he toured Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Switzerland with Rizal. It was
during the trip that he personally met Ferdinand Blumentritt, one of Rizal’s foreigner friend and
supporters.
Dr. Viola returned to the Philippines in 1887 and began his medical practice. In 1890, he
married Juana Roura, a native of San Miguel, by whom he had five sons. However, two of them
died in infancy.
In the latter part of June 1892, he had a reunion with Rizal in Manila and learned about
the sad persecution of his friend, who had to report before Governor General Despujol. His
association with Rizal included him to be watched by the Spanish authorities so that he could not
stay long in the city. His home in Bulacan had been subjected to thorough inspection by the
Spanish Guardia Civil.
When the revolution erupted in 1896, Viola went underground to evade the harassment of
the Spanish authorities. The Spanish authorities, because of his father’s support to the revolution,
had demolished their family house in Santa Rita, Bulacan. He was also incarcerated, initially in a
Manila military prison and, later, in Olongapo. During his imprisonment, he came to know and
assist Dr. Fresnell, an American doctor who was unfamiliar with tropical diseases. Fresnell later
helped him secure his freedom.
Viola’s firm character and heart for his countrymen was always manifested in peaceful
means. As president of the Liga de Propietarios, he aided the owners of rice lands in San Miguel,
Bulacan in opposing politicians who were courting the tenant’s votes at the expense of the
landlords. His fight against the politicians, among whom was Manuel L. Quezon, reached the Court
of the First Instance of Malolos, Bulacan, which the court dismissed owing to its political nature.
When the Manila Railroad line was being extended to Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, Viola once again
rallied the concerned landowners in preventing the prestigious British Company from taking over
their land without appropriate reparations.
A kind-hearted physician, Dr. Viola treated his indigent patients for free and often resorted
to simple remedies so that they would not have to spend. For instance, he would disinfect common
snakebites by using matchsticks instead of prescribing expensive solutions.
Dr. Viola found time for his favorite hobby, designing and building furniture. In the 1920’s,
he proved his competence as an amateur designer by winning awards for his furniture pieces
displayed in several shows in Manila.
He wrote memoirs of his friendship with Rizal in later years. These came out in three parts
in the Spanish newspaper El Ideal, dated June to 20, 1913. Their English version, done by eminent
writer A.R. Roces, was published in the Manila Times on the December 30 and 31, 1950 and
January 1, 1951 issues.
On September 3, 1933, Dr. Viola, aged 76 died in Barrio San Jose in his hometown. Later,
another house was constructed on the same lot where an heir of Pedro Viola lived.
In 1962, a marker in honor of Dr. Viola was installed in San Miguel, Bulacan.
References:
Eminent Filipinos. Manila: National Historical Commission, 1970.
Quirino, Carlos. Who’s who in Philippine History. Manila: Tahanan Books, 1995.

Filipino Martyr: WENCESLAO Q. VINZONS

 WENCESLAO Q. VINZONS
(1910-1942)
Freedom Fighter
Wenceslao Vinzons was born on September 28, 1910 in Indan, Camarines Norte to Gabino
V. Vinzons Sia and Engracia Quinto.
Vinzons was sent to study Law at the University of the Philippines in Manila after
completing his elementary education in Indan and his secondary at the Camarines Norte High
School where he graduated valedictorian. He was known in UP Campus for being an awarded
orator and debater, member and later president of the student council, editor-in-chief of the school
paper, the UP Philippine Collegian, and member of the Upsilon Sigma Phi Fraternity. He was
awarded the Manuel L. Quezon gold medal for excellence in his oration entitled “Malaysia
Irredenta” in which he advocated the unity of all Malayan peoples including the Filipinos and the
Abad Santos medal for excellence in debate.
Although rich and popular, what endeared him to his schoolmates was his humility and
ability to relate with people. He seldom used his car and preferred to take the Meralco bus to the
university and back to his residence. Among his contemporaries at UP were: Arturo M. Tolentino,
Ambrosio Padilla, Arturo B. Rotor, Amado G. Dayrit, Salvador P. Lopez.
Vinzons political activities at UP became broader in scope. In 1932, he rallied the students
to protest the plan of the Philippine Legislature to increase their salaries. In 1934, he organized the
Young Philippines, a political party comprised mainly of young people, which fielded candidates in
the city council of Manila. In the same year, Vinzons, already a full-fledge lawyer and his being
third placer in the bar exams added to his credit, was elected delegate to the Constitutional
Convention tasked to draft the 1935 Charter. He was instrumental in the passage of a provision in
the constitution for Tagalog as a national language.
In the 1935 national elections, Vinzons supported General Emilio Aguinaldo for presidency
against President Manuel L. Quezon by personally campaigning and delivering speeches for the
former revolutionary leader. His speeches against voting Quezon became a ground to charge him
with libel and sedition for which the Court of First Instance in Cavite convicted him of almost fouryear
prison term. The Court of Appeals, however, acquitted him.
Vinzons have carved a name for himself so that in the 1940 elections, he was voted
Governor of Camarines Norte. He resigned his post after serving a year to run in the national
assembly in 1941. He was elected representative of Camarines but was not able to serve his term
because of the Second World War that broke out.
During the war, he organized the first guerilla unit in the Bicol region, the Citizen’s Army
and later his own Guerilla unit. His first big battle against the Japanese was in Laniton on
December 17, 1941. In January 1942, his troops fought the Japanese in Tigbinan. Identified as one
of the important enemies, the Japanese hunted him. Their efforts were rewarded after months of
manhunt after a former guerilla named Villaluz informed the Japanese of his hideout. He was
captured July 8, 1942 together with his father. He and his companions were paraded around the
town of Labo. At the Plaza, the Japanese prodded him to persuade the people to cooperate with the
Japanese administration. “I have only three things to tell you,” he said “plant! plant! plant!”
Infuriated by his speech, his captors brought him to the Daet garrison.
On July 15, 1942, Major Tsuneoka Noburo, the garrison commander, confronted Vinzons
in a last attempt to enlist his services for the interests of Japan’s co-prosperity sphere. The
Japanese asked him to read a piece of paper to which Vinzons replied: “I know,” he answered. “I
have read it twice. They are asking you to execute me.”
“Fifty peoporr (people) say you dorobo (bandit). I kirr (kill) dorobo.”
“I have not had a trial,” he said. “The Geneva Convention says enemy soldiers captured are
not to be killed.”
“You terr (tell) where your men go. Where Americans go.”
“Your captain, Azano, captured me in the mountains. I do not know where my men or their
guns are now.”
The Japanese commander shrieked “you die, you die!,” and slapped him across the face.
“You know, your wife die, she die! I kirr (kill) you too.!”
He answered quietly, “nothing can make me happier than to die for my country, Major.
You will die too.”
Angered, Tsuneoka bayoneted Vinzon’s stomach. A Japanese corporal, Kuzumi Taiku, hit
the helpless resistance leader with a rifle butt at the back of the head.
He was killed together with his wife, Liwayway Gonzales, his father, a sister, and two
children. Their remains have never been recovered. In his honor, his hometown Indan was
renamed after him. In Manila, near Blumentritt, a school is named Wenceslao Vinzons Elementary
School. The student center at the University of the Philippines in Diliman, Quezon City, bears his
name.
References:
Agoncillo, Teodoro A. History of the Filipino People. 8th Ed. Quezon City: Garotech
Publishing, 1990.
Eminent Filipinos. Manila: National Historical Commission, 1970.
Manuel, E. Arsenio. Dictionary of Philippine Biography Volume 4. Quezon City: Filipiniana
Publications, 1955
Quirino, Carlos. Who’s Who in Philippine History. Manila: Tahanan Books, 1995.

Filipino Martyr: MACARIO VALENTIN

 MACARIO VALENTIN
(d. 1897)
Revolutionary Martyr from Bicol
One of the 11 martyrs from the Bicol region who were executed by the Spanish authorities
at Bagumbayan during the Philippine Revolution, Macario Valentin of Nueva Caceres, now the city
of Naga, in Camarines Sur, was a night watchman at the Obras Publicas (Public Works) of the
colonial government.
The outbreak of the revolution in the Tagalog provinces in August 1896 fueled fears among
the authorities that it might spread to other parts of the country, particularly the Bicol region.
Already, they had instituted a reign of terror which resulted in the mass arrests of Filipinos
suspected of professing separatist views. The capture and interrogation of Vicente Lukban, a
member of the Masonry from Bicol, produced an alleged confession implicating prominent
residents of Nueva Caceres as active members or sympathizers of the Katipunan. These were
Mariano Abella, Tomas Prieto, Camilo Jacob, and Fathers Severino Diaz and Inocencio Herrera.
Valentin’s name was not included in the alleged confession of Lukban. He may have been
implicated by only one of the other arrested suspects who, like Lukban, underwent severe torture
and were tricked with false promises into naming supposed filibusteros among people they knew.
Valentin was one of five employees of the Obras Publicas who were arrested on suspicion
of abetting a projected rebellion against the Spaniards. The four others were Mariano Melgarejo,
Florencio Lerma, Cornelio Mercado, and Camilo Jacob. Only Jacob was mentioned in the Lukban
confession. They were jailed at the tribunal, where they were beaten and starved.
On September 19, 1896, they were taken with other prisoners to the vessel Isarog, which
sailed for Manila. Upon arrival in Manila, they were accorded treatment reserved for traitors, an
ordeal which lasted until December 29. On that they, Valentin and 14 others from Bicol faced a
military court jammed with Spanish spectators calling for their blood. The prosecution had no
significant evidence against them, not even the alleged confession of Lukban or that of Tomas
Prieto, who was one of the indictees. Yet, according to the prosecutors, their having openly
professed the wish to see the Philippines emancipated form the oppression of the Spaniards was
enough to find them guilty of sedition and treason.
Valentin and 10 others were sentenced to die by firing squad, while two of their codefendants,
Mariano Araña and Ramon Abella, were ordered exiled to Fernando Po. A third,
Mariano Ordenanza, was sentenced to 20 years’ imprisonment.
On January 4, 1897, gunfire rent the air amid the lusty cheers of the Spanish spectators as
the so-called “eleven traitors from Bicol” were executed at Bagumbayan Field.
References:
Galang, Zoilo M. Encyclopedia of the Philippines. Manila: 1935.
Manuel, Arsenio. Dictionary of Philippine Biography Volume 1. Quezon City: Filipiniana
Publications, 1935.
Reyes, Jose Calleja. Bikol Maharlika. Quezon City: 1992.

Filipino Martyr: ISIDORO DAYAO TORRES

 ISIDORO DAYAO TORRES
(1860-1928)
Revolutionary Leader
Known as “Mating Lawin” (Hawk Eye), Isidoro Torres was one of the few formally
educated generals of the Katipunan.
He was born April 10, 1860 in Matimbo, Malolos, Bulacan. He finished his Bachelor of
Arts degree in the University of Santo Tomas.
Torres showed his radical sense of social justice early. When he was only 16, he was
implicated in a plot to kill the parish priest who had imposed unreasonably high-church fees.
He joined the Katipunan and helped plant its seed in Bulacan. He organized the militias of
the towns of Pandi (Kutang Kakarong), Paombong (Kutang Binakod), and San Miguel (Kutang
Biak-na-Bato).
At Biak-na-Bato, he was promoted to colonel and, later, to brigadier general by Emilio
Aguinaldo.
Torres was the general of the famed Apoy Provincial Council of Bulacan.
Torres was a signatory to the pact of Biak-na-Bato with the Spaniards. In keeping with its
provisions, he merged his troops with those of the Spaniards under Gov. Gen. Basilio Agustin, and
headed the “Militia Filipina” in Malolos as part of the defense against the Americans. But this was
only a ploy, a tactical move to preserve the unity of the revolutionaries left behind by Aguinaldo,
who had gone on self-exile to Hong Kong with most of the high-ranking members of his military
force.
When Aguinaldo joined the Americans in the war against Spain, General Torres ordered
the whole “Militia Filipina” to renounce its loyalty to Spain and once again fight for independence.
During the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution, and the inauguration of the
Philippine Republic, Torres was at the head of the 6,000-man Filipino army that marched in the
parade, being the appointed chief of Central Battalion No. 2, as well as director de armas, heneral
de plaza, and undersecretary of war.
With the American invasion, Torres was appointed governor-general of Bulacan with
juridical power. He launched a guerrilla warfare against the new enemy. Although recorded by
American military chroniclers as ferocious, his guerrillas were no match against the better-armed
and well-organized American troops.
During the American regime, he settled with his wife in San Antonio, Nueva Ecija, where
he became justice of the peace, municipal councilor, and finally, a delegate to the Philippine
Assembly.
He died on December 5, 1928.
References:
Balite, Rafael D. Hen. Isidoro D. Torres ng Malolos. 1990.
Manuel, Arsenio E. Dictionary of Philippine Biography Volume II. Quezon City: Filipiniana
Publication, 1986.
Quirino, Carlos. Who’s Who in Philippine History. Manila: Tahanan Books, 1995.
Zaide, Sonia F. Zaide, Gregorio. Documentary Sources of Philippine History Volume VIII.
Manila: National Bookstore, 1990.